← Horizontal launches: the two problems in numbers

At the top, vertical velocity is zero

Mid-flight, a soccer ball's downward speed doubles. What happens to its horizontal velocity?

A ball is thrown up at an angle over a yard. For an instant at the very top of its arc, it neither rises nor falls. Yet it keeps moving. Which way?

A ball thrown at an upward angle is still a projectile: once it leaves the hand, gravity is the only force on it. Its launch velocity splits into a horizontal component and a vertical component.

On the way up, free fall shrinks the vertical component by 9.8 m/s every second. The horizontal component holds.

groundv_xv_yon the way up
On the way up: the vertical component shrinks by 9.8 m/s every second; the horizontal component holds.

At the highest point of the flight, the vertical velocity is zero. For that instant, the ball neither rises nor falls.

The horizontal velocity is untouched for the whole flight. At the top it is still there, still the same size.

groundv_xv_y = 0the very top
At the very top: the vertical component has shrunk to zero. The horizontal arrow is still there.
So at the top, the velocity is purely horizontal: the ball is still moving, sideways only. The whole velocity is not zero at the top. Only its vertical component is.

Past the top, the fall takes over. The vertical component grows downward, and the horizontal component still holds.

groundv_xv_yon the way down
On the way down: the vertical arrow grows downward; the horizontal arrow has not changed.

For a ball thrown straight up, the velocity at the top really is zero for an instant. That ball has no horizontal motion to keep. A ball thrown at an angle keeps its horizontal velocity, so at the top it is still moving.

grounda ball thrown straight up, at its very top
The boundary case: a ball thrown straight up has no horizontal motion to keep, so at its top the velocity really is zero for an instant.

A football leaves a kick at an angle, with a 9 m/s horizontal component. What is the football's velocity at the very top of its arc?

At the top, the vertical velocity is zero.

The horizontal velocity is unchanged for the whole flight: still 9 m/s.

So at the top the football's velocity is 9 m/s, purely horizontal.

9 m/s, horizontal.

A baseball is hit at an angle and rises toward the top of its arc. At the very top, what is its vertical velocity?

A ball is thrown at an upward angle over a field. At the very top of its arc, which way is the ball moving?

A golf ball flies in an arc over a fairway. Marco says the ball is still moving at the very top of its arc. Is he correct?

Your turn

A softball leaves the bat with a 16 m/s horizontal component and a 12 m/s vertical component. What is its speed at the very top of its arc?

An arrow is shot upward at an angle over an open field. Comparing a moment just before the top, the top itself, and a moment just after the top, which quantity holds the same value at all three moments?

A stunt rider leaves a ramp at an angle on a motorcycle. Which statement about the rider at the very peak of the jump is true?