← Free fall

The free-fall acceleration g

Dividing a velocity change in m/s by a time in s gives which unit?

Step off a diving board and you speed up all the way down. How quickly does falling speed you up?

You've already seen what free fall is. And you've already seen that an acceleration in m/s² says how many m/s of velocity arrive each second.

Measure the acceleration of any object in free fall near Earth's surface and you find the same value: 9.8 m/s², directed downward. This value gets its own symbol: g. So g = 9.8 m/s², directed downward.

One convention to lock in now: g never means grams in this course — mass units are written out in words wherever both could appear.
falling, one second between readings9.8 m/sfirst reading19.6 m/s1 s later29.4 m/s2 s laterthe ball is already movingat the first readingA falling ball, one second apart: 9.8, then 19.6, then 29.4 m/s. Each second adds 9.8 m/s ofdownward velocity.
readingvelocityfirst9.8 m/s downsecond19.6 m/s downthird29.4 m/s downchange each second9.8 m/s downA steady 9.8 m/s of new velocity every second is an acceleration of 9.8 m/s², directeddownward.

In free fall near Earth's surface, the velocity changes by how many m/s, downward, during each second of flight? Enter the number only.

rising, one second between readingsfastfirst readingslower1 s laterslower still2 s laterno numbers yet: watch thearrows shrink evenlyThe same ball on the way up: each second of rising takes away the same slice of upwardvelocity.

Rising, a ball loses 9.8 m/s of upward velocity each second; falling, it gains 9.8 m/s of downward velocity each second. Both are one rule, because free-fall acceleration means the velocity changes by 9.8 m/s downward with each second of flight.

risingits motiona = 9.8 m/s² downwardfallingits motiona = 9.8 m/s² downwardRising or falling, the acceleration is the same: 9.8 m/s², directed downward.

A stone in free fall is moving downward at 14 m/s. How fast is it moving one second later?

Each second of flight adds 9.8 m/s of downward velocity.

Add one second's change:

14 + 9.8 = 23.8

The stone is moving at 23.8 m/s downward.

A ball is moving straight up after leaving a thrower's hand, with air resistance too small to matter. What is its acceleration while it rises?

A coin slips from a bridge railing and falls freely, with air resistance too small to matter. What is the coin's acceleration 3 s into the fall?

Your turn

A ball thrown upward is rising and slowing. A moment later it is falling and speeding up. How does its acceleration compare between those two moments?

In free fall, the acceleration is 9.8 m/s². Which statement says what that means for the object's motion?

A ball is thrown straight upward, with air resistance too small to matter. While it rises, by how many m/s does its speed drop during each second of flight? Enter the number only.